Collaboration Teams - Members share responsibility for posting refined answers to the guided readings - succinct, relevant, clear, and with pictures or a video to compliment. When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps: 1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the Evolution unit page. 2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it.Be sure to upload pictures and/or video for each question. 3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it. Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR 4) Save the page by selecting "Save with comment" from the Save dropdown. Enter a comment (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) then click Save.
Blue Chris Sam B Katie
Purple SamV Kelly
Green Ashley Brett Fernanda
Pink Taihlor Nikki Alecia
Yellow Mike Josh
Orange Tyler Dahlia Megan
Red Ryan Alina
1-4
5-6
7-9
10-13
14-15
16-19
20-23
Guided Reading Chapter 23
1. Define the following terms:
a. Microevolution:
change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation b. Population: localized group of individuals belonging to the same biological species
c. Population genetics: study of how populations change genetically over time
d. Gene pool: aggregation of genes in a popuation at any one time. - Sam B.
2. What is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem and why does it appear to be an contradiction to evolution?
The Hardy-Weinberg Theorm states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool remain constant from generation to generation.
- Sam B.
3. What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Individuals in a population donate gametes to the next generation at random, and also mate at random. All male-female matings are thus equally likely to occur. Genotype frequencies can be predicted from allele frequencies.
- Sam B.
4. Use the blank diagram below to relate the H-W equation to a Punnett square. .
5. What are the five conditions for H-W equilibrium to maintained?
1. No random mutations can take place within individuals 2. The population must be large so genetic drift (chance events) have a greater effect w/o skewing numbers (smaller population = smaller ratios of alleles) 3. The population must be isolated to prevent gene flow (transfer of alleles between another population 4. No sexual selection (all males have an equal chance of procreating with females, regardless of attributes) 5. No natural selection (all members must be equally likely to survive and produce fertile offspring in their given environment.
Here's a cool song that describes all the conditions that can't occur for there to be H-W equilibrium! If you can't understand the words, click this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SicVhgdEKmk and click "show more" for they full lyrics!
-Sam V., Team Purple
6. How can the H-W equation be used to today in terms of human health?
The equation can be used to approximate the number of individuals with heritable diseases within populations, states, countries, and the world. It is only an approximation based on the assumption that random mating, regardless of knowledge of the disease or not, takes place. Interbreeding must also be assumed null. We can find out how many carriers hold the allele.
An example is the following table tracing the individuals with Cystic Fibrosis in the U.S. It includes the number of male, female, and total babies born with CF. This chart is based on a 2006-2007 census. Using H-W, the number of current carriers could be found using p^2 + 2pq + q^2 (q = CF). This is, assuming random mating is in effect.
Cystic Fibrosis in the Population
-Sam V, Purple Team
7. What are the two broad processes that make evolution possible? The two processes that make this possible are Mutation and Sexual Recombination. Mutation is when there is a change in the genetic structure, and sexual recombination is when nucleic acid is broken and joins with another section. <recombination <mutation
<mutant duck
<Brett S., Ashley A 8. What is the impact of the following: a. Point mutation- Changes at a certain section of the DNA structure.
b. Gene duplication- This is the copying of a DNA region that contains a certain gene, that is being copied.
c. Sexual Recombination when nucleic acid is broken and joins with another section.
Brett S. 9. What is the relationship between mutation rates and generation span?
The rate of mutation increases as the generation spans decrease.
11. Why would we discuss adaptive evolution and what role does natural selection play?
only natural selection is likely to adapt a population to its enviroment. natural selection accumulates and maintains favorable genotypes in a population. adaptive evolution is when an animal/species adapts to its enviroment. we would discuss it because that is one of the things Darwin had observed on the island with the finched that originated from the same species, but differed in becks after adapting to their new enviroment. alecia
12. Give examples of phenotypical variation that is not inheritable. Examples of phenotypical variation that is not inheritable are things such as scars, which aren't passes down to offspring, also big muscles, just because the parents work out to gain muscles doesn't mean the offspring will have big muscles.
Taihlor C
13. Explain the terms phenotypic polymorphism and genetic polymorphism in common terms giving an example from your own experience. I will be looking for a reasonable answer for this question.
14. How do we measure genetic variation?
15. How can very small differences in nucleotide sequences lead to such diversity in the human population? Two humans differ by only about 0.1% of their bases. Still, this 0.1% nucleotide variability encompasses the entire heritable component of the many different ways that people look, sound, and act, along with their biochemical differences, such as their ABO blood group, that are not outwardly visible.
Chart shows number of comparisons among nucleotides
-Mike G
16. What is geographic variation and how does the term cline relate?
Fitness is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals. Relative fitness is the contribution of a genotype to the next generation compared to the contributions of alternative genotypes for the same locus.
17. What is different about the terms fitness and relative fitness? Fitness is the ability for a genotype or phenotype to survive and reproduce, eventually allowing an organism to thrive. Relative fitness is the contribution of a genotype from a similar lucs, in the future this allows offspring's to vary genetically. -Dahlia M.
^^ relative fitness
18. Why is it said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes?
It is said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes becasue the enviornment can change the phenotype. For example: If you take a flamingo and place it in a different environment and change its food you will see a change in the color of its feathers. The color of its feathers will fade away from a bright pink to a faded pink 19. Use the diagram below to differentiate between the modes of selection.
20. Why does diploidy preserve genetic variation? Diploidy preserves genetic variation because instead of giving you the same exact 46 chromosomes as one of your parents you get 23 from each making up an entire set for a new living creature. By doing so you have less of a chance of receiving the same exact genes your parents did
Ryan H 21. How does balancing natural selection relate to the term balanced polymorphism?
22. Define and give an example of the following:
a. Heterozygote advantage
b. Frequency dependent selection
c. Neutral variation
d. Sexual dimorphism-
e. Intrasexual selection
f. Intersexual selection
23. What are 3 limitations to Natural Selection
selection can only act on existing variation, evolution is limited by historical constraints, adaptations are often compromises, and chance, natural selection and the environment interact Ryan H
When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps:
1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the Evolution unit page.
2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it. Be sure to upload pictures and/or video for each question.
3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it. Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR
4) Save the page by selecting "Save with comment" from the Save dropdown. Enter a comment (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) then click Save.
Chris
Sam B
Katie
SamV
Kelly
Ashley
Brett
Fernanda
Taihlor
Nikki
Alecia
Mike
Josh
Tyler
Dahlia
Megan
Ryan
Alina
Guided Reading Chapter 23
1. Define the following terms:
a. Microevolution:
change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation
b. Population:
localized group of individuals belonging to the same biological species
c. Population genetics:
study of how populations change genetically over time
d. Gene pool: aggregation of genes in a popuation at any one time.
- Sam B.
2. What is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem and why does it appear to be an contradiction to evolution?
The Hardy-Weinberg Theorm states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool remain constant from generation to generation.
- Sam B.
3. What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Individuals in a population donate gametes to the next generation at random, and also mate at random. All male-female matings are thus equally likely to occur. Genotype frequencies can be predicted from allele frequencies.
- Sam B.
4. Use the blank diagram below to relate the H-W equation to a Punnett square.
.
5. What are the five conditions for H-W equilibrium to maintained?
1. No random mutations can take place within individuals
2. The population must be large so genetic drift (chance events) have a greater effect w/o skewing numbers (smaller population = smaller ratios of alleles)
3. The population must be isolated to prevent gene flow (transfer of alleles between another population
4. No sexual selection (all males have an equal chance of procreating with females, regardless of attributes)
5. No natural selection (all members must be equally likely to survive and produce fertile offspring in their given environment.
Here's a cool song that describes all the conditions that can't occur for there to be H-W equilibrium! If you can't understand the words, click this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SicVhgdEKmk and click "show more" for they full lyrics!
-Sam V., Team Purple
6. How can the H-W equation be used to today in terms of human health?
The equation can be used to approximate the number of individuals with heritable diseases within populations, states, countries, and the world. It is only an approximation based on the assumption that random mating, regardless of knowledge of the disease or not, takes place. Interbreeding must also be assumed null. We can find out how many carriers hold the allele.
An example is the following table tracing the individuals with Cystic Fibrosis in the U.S. It includes the number of male, female, and total babies born with CF. This chart is based on a 2006-2007 census. Using H-W, the number of current carriers could be found using p^2 + 2pq + q^2 (q = CF). This is, assuming random mating is in effect.
-Sam V, Purple Team
7. What are the two broad processes that make evolution possible?
The two processes that make this possible are Mutation and Sexual Recombination. Mutation is when there is a change in the genetic structure, and sexual recombination is when nucleic acid is broken and joins with another section.
<Brett S., Ashley A
8. What is the impact of the following:
a. Point mutation- Changes at a certain section of the DNA structure.
b. Gene duplication- This is the copying of a DNA region that contains a certain gene, that is being copied.
c. Sexual Recombination when nucleic acid is broken and joins with another section.
Brett S.
9. What is the relationship between mutation rates and generation span?
The rate of mutation increases as the generation spans decrease.
Ashley A
10.
Genetic drift:
Bottleneck effect:
Founder effect:
Gene flow:
11. Why would we discuss adaptive evolution and what role does natural selection play?
only natural selection is likely to adapt a population to its enviroment. natural selection accumulates and maintains favorable genotypes in a population. adaptive evolution is when an animal/species adapts to its enviroment. we would discuss it because that is one of the things Darwin had observed on the island with the finched that originated from the same species, but differed in becks after adapting to their new enviroment.
alecia
12. Give examples of phenotypical variation that is not inheritable.
Examples of phenotypical variation that is not inheritable are things such as scars, which aren't passes down to offspring, also big muscles, just because the parents work out to gain muscles doesn't mean the offspring will have big muscles.
Taihlor C
13. Explain the terms phenotypic polymorphism and genetic polymorphism in common terms giving an example from your own experience. I will be looking for a reasonable answer for this question.
14. How do we measure genetic variation?
15. How can very small differences in nucleotide sequences lead to such diversity in the human population?
Two humans differ by only about 0.1% of their bases. Still, this 0.1% nucleotide variability encompasses the entire heritable component of the many different ways that people look, sound, and act, along with their biochemical differences, such as their ABO blood group, that are not outwardly visible.
-Mike G
16. What is geographic variation and how does the term cline relate?
Fitness is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals.
Relative fitness is the contribution of a genotype to the next generation compared to the contributions of alternative genotypes for the same locus.
17. What is different about the terms fitness and relative fitness?
Fitness is the ability for a genotype or phenotype to survive and reproduce, eventually allowing an organism to thrive. Relative fitness is the contribution of a genotype from a similar lucs, in the future this allows offspring's to vary genetically.
-Dahlia M.
^^ relative fitness
18. Why is it said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes?
It is said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes becasue the enviornment can change the phenotype. For example: If you take a flamingo and place it in a different environment and change its food you will see a change in the color of its feathers. The color of its feathers will fade away from a bright pink to a faded pink
19. Use the diagram below to differentiate between the modes of selection.
Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Stabilizing Selection
20. Why does diploidy preserve genetic variation?
Diploidy preserves genetic variation because instead of giving you the same exact 46 chromosomes as one of your parents you get 23 from each making up an entire set for a new living creature. By doing so you have less of a chance of receiving the same exact genes your parents did
Ryan H
21. How does balancing natural selection relate to the term balanced polymorphism?
22. Define and give an example of the following:
a. Heterozygote advantage
b. Frequency dependent selection
c. Neutral variation
d. Sexual dimorphism-
e. Intrasexual selection
f. Intersexual selection
23. What are 3 limitations to Natural Selection
selection can only act on existing variation, evolution is limited by historical constraints, adaptations are often compromises, and chance, natural selection and the environment interact
Ryan H